Supplemental Vitamins During Breast Cancer Treatment May Reduce Mortality Risk

In a large population-based study of Chinese women with breast cancer, multivitamin use reduced the risk of mortality and the risk of cancer recurrence.

Nutritional supplement use during cancer treatment is currently controversial. Antioxidants may protect normal cells from oxidative damage that occurs during radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy regimens. However, the same mechanism could protect tumor cells and potentially reduce effectiveness of some cancer treatments. Recently, researchers evaluated vitamin supplement use during cancer treatment and in the first six months after breast cancer diagnosis, looking for correlations with total mortality and cancer recurrence.

A population-based prospective cohort study of 4,877 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer was conducted between March of 2002 and April of 2006 in Shanghai, China. The women (aged 20-75) were interviewed approximately six months after diagnosis, then followed-up with later via in-person interviews.


During an average follow-up of 4.1 years, 444 deaths and 532 recurrences occurred. Vitamin use shortly after breast cancer diagnosis was associated with reduced risk of mortality and recurrence. Women who used nutritional supplements (vitamin E, vitamin C, multivitamins) had an 18% reduction in risk of mortality and a 22% reduced recurrence risk. The inverse association was found regardless of whether vitamin use was concurrent or non-concurrent with chemotherapy, but was only present among patients who did not receive radiotherapy.

Vitamin supplement use in the first six months after breast cancer diagnosis may be associated with reduced risk of mortality and recurrence. The results of this study do not support the current recommendation that all breast cancer patients should avoid use of vitamin supplements.

Nechuta S, et al. Vitamin supplement use during breast cancer treatment and survival: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 21 Dec 2010.

High Fish & Vegetable Intake Reduces Risk of Breast Cancer

In a new study, researchers found a strong correlation between a diet high in vegetables and seafood and reduced risk of breast cancer. Lower BMI, high levels of dietary supplement use, and increased physical activity also correlated with reduced breast cancer risk.
After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. In U.S. women, more than 1 in 4 cancers (28%) are breast cancers. Historically, breast cancer has been much more prevalent in Western countries than in Asian countries, although the gap has declined dramatically in recent years. A new study published by researchers at South Korea's National Cancer Center sheds new light on one possible explanation for this effect.

In this study, 357 breast cancer patients between the ages of 25 and 77 were matched with 357 healthy controls. A trained dietitian conducted face-to-face interviews with each study subject, collecting detailed information on lifestyle (including physical activity), demographics, and diet.

410 types of reported food were grouped into 39 food groups based on nutrient profiles and culinary usage. These food groups were then used to calculate two "dietary patterns": one characterized by regular consumption of a variety of vegetables, seafoods, and soybean products, and another characterized by above-average intake of meat (non-fish) and starch-rich foods (bread, noodles, pizza, etc). The "vegetable-seafood" diet is representative of a traditional Korean diet, while the "meat-starch" diet is representative of a traditional Western diet. Statistical analysis were then performed to look for correlations between demographics, lifestyle factors, and these two diet patterns.

Breast cancer occurrence in this study correlated strongly with higher BMI (p=0.006), lower levels of dietary supplement use (p=0.005), and low levels of physical activity (p=0.021). Additionally, a significant inverse association was seen between the vegetable-seafood pattern and breast cancer risk, while no correlation (positive or negative) was seen for the meat-starch group. Additional analysis correlated the vegetable-seafood diet with higher intakes of fiber, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate, and calcium (p < 0.001 for all).

This study provides strong evidence for a diet high in vegetables and seafood reducing the risk of breast cancer. As the authors note, the increasing Westernization of Korean diets may explain - at least in part - the rising rates of breast cancer in that country.

Cho YA, Kim J, Shin A, Park KS, Ro J. Dietary Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in Korean Women. 2010. Nutrition and Cancer 62(8):1161-9.

Vitamin C (Mineral Ascorbates)

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid or ascorbate, plays two important roles in the body. First, it is a cofactor or cosubstrate for eight enzyme systems involved in various functions, including collagen synthesis, ATP synthesis in mitochondria, and hormone biosynthesis. Second, vitamin C is a powerful water-soluble antioxidant with a vital role in protecting cells and tissues from damaging oxidizing agents, including superoxides, hydroxyl radicals, and other free radicals. All these functions derive from one fundamental property: vitamin C is a powerful reducing agent (or electron donor) capable of neutralizing reactive oxidants.

Related functions performed by vitamin C include regenerating vitamin E to its active state, promoting iron absorption in the intestines by keeping iron in its reduced form, and participation in DNA transcription and protein synthesis regulation.

The richest dietary sources of vitamin C include cantaloupe, grapefruit, honeydew, kiwi, mango, oranges and other citrus fruits, strawberries, and watermelon. The richest vegetable sources include asparagus, broccoli, brussels sprouts, dark green leafy vegetables, and peppers.

Although vitamin C is generally non-toxic, very high dosages (several grams or more) may cause or contribute to gastrointestinal distress and diarrhea.

Additional Resources:

• Vitamin C - U.S. National Library of Medicine
• Vitamin C - Physicians' Desktop Reference
• Vitamin C - Mayo Clinic
• Vitamin C - Linus Pauling Institute
• Vitamin C - Wikipedia

What is Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10, or ubiquinone, is a compound with an essential role in mitochondrial electron transport, making it a fundamental part of cellular energy production.

Coenzyme Q10 is also an antioxidant. Its ability to quench free radicals helps maintain the structural integrity and stability of cell membranes (including intracellular membranes). It is also capable of improving oxidation resistance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Additional evidence suggests that Coenzyme Q10 uses its antioxidant capabilities to regenerate vitamin E.

CoQ10's other name, ubiquinone, signifies its ubiquitous (widespread) distribution in the human body. Highest levels of Coenzyme Q10 are found in the heart, liver, kidney, and pancreas.

CoQ10 supplementation has therapeutic benefits for several diseases. Some of the best-documented effects involve cases of heart failure, ischemic heart disease, certain muscular dystrophies, hypertension, and periodontal disease.

CoQ10 is synthesized in all cells of the body. It is also absorbed from food. Major sources of dietary CoQ10 include meats, fish, and vegetable oils (particularly soybean, sesame, and rapeseed oils). Vegetables are generally low in CoQ10, with the exception of spinach and broccoli.

As aging occurs, the body's ability to synthesize CoQ10 diminishes significantly. Deficiencies may also result from reduced assimilation from dietary sources.

Coenzyme Q10 supplements are generally considered safe and are best absorbed by the body when taken with foods. The usual maintenance dose is 10-30 mg per day, although higher doses are used therapeutically for the treatment of heart and blood vessel disease.